MTX 1010 - Anatomy and Physiology

1. Define and demonstrate knowledge of anatomy and physiology. (CSLO 1; PSLO 2, 3, 5)

• Define anatomy and physiology.
• Define the structural organization of the body.
• Define life processes.
• Define homeostasis; describe its generalized process and relationship to health and disease.
• Demonstrate anatomical terms on themselves and/or classmates.
• Define directional terms, anatomical planes, and body cavities.
• Describe selected medical imaging techniques.

1. Define and explain the human body at the chemical level, cellular level, and tissue level, as well as bone tissue and muscle tissue. (CSLO 2; PSLO 2, 3, 5)
   1. Chemical Level:

• Define atoms, molecules, and elements.
• Recognize different types of chemical bonds.
• Explain basic chemical reactions and the concept of pH.
• List organic and inorganic compounds.
• Explain the actions of enzymes.
• Explain the structures of DNA and RNA.

1. Cellular Level:

• List the components of a generalized cell.
• Describe the function of each component.
• Describe the movement of substances into and out of cells.
• Explain protein synthesis.
• Describe the phases of cell division
• Describe common homeostatic imbalances.
• Recognize common medical terminology.

1. Tissue Level:

• Define the four tissue types
• List and describe the general features of the two types of epithelial tissue and their locations.
• List and describe the general features of connective tissue and their locations.
• List and describe the types of membranes.
• Recognize terminology related to muscular and nervous systems.
• Describe tissue repair.
• Describe common homeostatic imbalances.
• Recognize common medical terminology.

1. Bone Tissue:

• Discuss the functions of bone
• Identify parts of a long bone
• Describe the histology of compact and spongy bone
• Describe both types of bone formation
• Describe types of fractures
• Explain the process of fracture repair
• Explain the process of bone growth
• Describe the effects of exercise and aging on bone (mass) tissue
• Describe common homeostatic imbalances
• Recognize common medical terminology

1. Muscle Tissue:

• List the types and functions of muscle tissue and fascia
• List and explain the structure of a neuromuscular junction and a motor unit
• Describe principal events of the sliding filament theory
• Identify the five arrangements of muscle fascicles
• Describe the sequence of muscle metabolism associated with prolonged muscular activity
• Explain the types of skeletal muscle fibers
• List and describe the different types of muscle contractions
• Describe common homeostatic imbalances
• Recognize common medical terminology

1. Skeletal Structures
   1. Define and describe the axial and appendicular skeleton. (CSLO 3; PSLO 2, 3, 5)
   2. Axial Skeleton:

• Classify most bones into one of six categories.
• Define bone surface markings.
• Differentiate bones of the axial skeleton from the appendicular skeleton.
• Identify, describe, locate, and palpate the bones of the skull (differentiate cranial from facial bones).
• Identify, describe, and locate the sutures, paranasal sinuses, bones of the orbit, and nasal septum.
• Identify, locate, and palpate the bones of the vertebral column and discuss normal and abnormal curvatures of the spine.
• Identify, locate, and palpate the bones of the thorax.
• List, identify, locate, and palpate bony landmarks of the axial skeleton.
• Describe common homeostatic imbalances.
• Recognize common medical terminology.

1. Appendicular Skeleton:

• Identify, Describe, and palpate the bones of the appendicular skeleton.
• List, identify, locate, and palpate the bony landmarks of the appendicular skeleton.
• List the bones that make up the pectoral and pelvic girdles.
• Differentiate bones of the appendicular skeleton from those of the axial skeleton.
• Define bone surface markings.
• Describe common homeostatic imbalances.
• Recognize common medical terminology.

1. Describe and classify all articulations within the human body. (CSLO 4; PSLO 2, 5)

• Classify joints into structural and functional categories.
• List and describe the structure of a typical diarthrotic joint and the six types.
• List and define movements of diarthrotic joints.
• Describe rotator cuff and knee injuries.
• List and describe the structures of the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, and ankle.
• List and explain the factors affecting ROM.
• Differentiate between a sprain and a strain.
• Describe common homeostatic imbalances.
• Recognize common medical terminology.

Body Systems:

1. Muscular System

• Describe and identify the muscular System. (CSLO 5; PSLO 2, 3, 5)
• Describe and palpate the origin and insertion, the actions, innervations, and common muscular injuries associated with the following muscles:
• Muscles of mastication
• Muscles that move the neck
• Muscles of the vertebral column
• Muscles of the abdominal wall and breathing
• Muscles of the pectoral girdle
• Muscles that move the humerous
• Muscles that move the forearm, wrist, hand, and fingers
• Muscles that move the femur
• Muscles that move the leg, ankle, foot, and toes
• Recognize common medical terminology.

1. Identify the general location of the following muscles:

• Muscles of facial expression
• Extrinsic eye muscles
• Digastric muscle/anterior neck
• Muscles of the tongue
• Recognize common medical terminology.
• Define, compare, and locate the three types of levers.
• Describe skeletal muscle as a functional unit or organ containing all of the following components: skeletal muscle, connective tissue, nervous and vascular tissue
• Describe common homeostatic imbalances.
• Recognize common medical terminology

1. Describe and identify the nervous System, to include the spinal cord and spinal nerves, the brain and the cranial nerves, special senses, as well as the sensory, motor and integrative systems of the human body. (CSLO 6; PSLO 2, 3, 5)
2. Nervous Tissue:

• Describe the types of neuroglia
• Describe the structure of a typical neuron
• Differentiate gray matter from white matter
• Describe the phase of action potential and signal transmission at synapses
• Describe damage to and repair of peripheral neurons
• Describe the classes and function of neurotransmitters
• Describe common homeostatic imbalances
• Recognize common medical terminology

1. Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

• Describe the spinal cord and its protective coverings
• Identify sensory and motor tracts in the cord
• Describe a reflex arc
• Describe four different types of somatic reflexes
• Describe the components, connective tissue covering, and branches of spinal nerve
• Describe the major branches of the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses
• State the significance of dermatomes
• Describe the outcome of common peripheral nerve dysfunction
• Describe common homeostatic imbalances
• Recognize common medical terminology

1. The Brain and Cranial Nerves

• Describe and identify the principal parts of the brain and protective coverings
• Identify and describe the structure and functions of the brain stem, cerebellum, diencephalon, and cerebrum
• List the 12 cranial nerves and describe their functions
• Describe common homeostatic imbalances
• Recognize common medical terminology

1. The Special Senses

• Briefly describe the sense of smell
• Briefly describe the sense of taste
• Describe the anatomy of the eye and its accessory structures
• Briefly describe the physiology of vision
• Describe the anatomy of the ear
• Briefly describe the physiology of hearing
• Briefly describe the physiology of equilibrium
• Describe common homeostatic imbalances
• Recognize common medical terminology

1. The Sensory, Motor, and Integrative Systems

• List and classify the sensory modalities
• Classify sensory receptors according to location and type of stimulus
• Identify and describe somatic sensations
• Discuss the general components of somatic sensory and motor pathways
• Describe the organization of the sensory and motor cortex
• Discuss learning and memory
• Discuss wakefulness and sleep
• Describe common homeostatic imbalances
• Recognize common medical terminology

1. Describe and identify the autonomic nervous. (CSLO 7; PSLO 2, 3, 5)

• Describe the anatomy of autonomic motor pathways
• Compare and contrast the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system
• Describe the anatomical components of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• Identify the neurotransmitters and receptors of the ANS
• Describe, compare, and contrast the responses of most organs of the body to sympathetic and parasympathetic activity
• Describe common homeostatic imbalances
• Recognize common medical terminology

Cardiovascular System

1. Describe and identify the cardiovascular system. (CSLO 8; PSLO 2, 3, 5)
2. The Blood:

• Describe the relationship of blood to interstitial fluid and lymph
• Briefly describe the general functions of blood
• List the physical characteristics of blood
• Describe the components of blood
• Describe the formation of blood cells
• Describe the morphology and function of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes
• Describe the three mechanisms that contribute to hemostasis
• Explain the ABO and Rh blood groups
• Describe common homeostatic imbalances
• Recognize common medical terminology

1. The Heart:

• Describe the flow of blood through the heart and systemic and pulmonary circulation
• Describe the structure of the heart and pericardium
• Describe the coronary circulation
• Describe the cardiac conduction system
• Briefly describe the cardiac cycle and electrocardiogram
• Describe normal heart sounds during a cardiac cycle
• Briefly describe cardiac output and the regulation of the heart rate
• Explain the benefits of regular exercise for the heart
• Describe the structural function of the forearm ovale and ductus arteriosus in the heart
• Describe common homeostatic imbalances
• Recognize common medical terminology

1. Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics
   1. Describe the structure and function of arteries, veins, and capillaries

• Briefly describe concepts of blood distribution and capillary exchange
• Briefly describe the factors that regulate velocity and volume of blood flow
• Explain how blood pressure is regulated
• Define shock and describe the four types of shock
• Demonstrate the pulse and blood pressure of a classmate
• Describe pulmonary and systemic circulation
• Describe the location and direction of flow of all major blood vessels
• Discuss fetal circulatory and associated structures
• Describe the hepatic portal circulation
• Describe common homeostatic imbalances
• Recognize common medical terminology

1. All Other Body Systems
   1. Describe and identify the integumentary System. (CSLO 9; PSLO 2, 3, 5)

• List and describe the layers of the skin and components.
• Describe the accessory structures of the skin.
• List and describe the functions of the skin.
• Explain how epidermal and deep wounds heal.
• Describe the effects of aging on the integumentary system.
• Describe common homeostatic imbalances.
• Recognize common medical terminology.

1. Describe and identify the endocrine system. (CSLO 10; PSLO 2, 3, 5)

• Classify major groups of hormones according to chemistry
• Briefly describe the mechanisms of hormonal actions
• Describe the location, histology, and major functions of each endocrine gland, its hormones, and its target tissues
• Describe how the body responds to stress
• Describe common homeostatic imbalances
• Recognize common medical terminology

1. Describe and identify the lymphatic system. (CSLO 11; PSLO 2, 3, 5)

• Describe the formation of lymph
• Identify and describe lymphatic vessels
• Name the major lymphatic vessels and describe the direction of lymphatic flow
• Describe the structure and function of bone marrow, thymus gland, lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphatic nodules
• Describe the mechanisms of nonspecific resistance to disease
• Describe the mechanisms of specific resistance
• Describe common homeostatic imbalances
• Recognize common medical terminology

1. Describe and identify the respiratory system. (CSLO 12; PSLO 2, 3, 5)

• Describe the functions and structures of the respiratory system
• Describe pulmonary ventilation
• Describe external and internal respiration
• Briefly describe how respiratory rates are controlled
• Describe common homeostatic imbalances
• Recognize common medical terminology

1. Describe and identify the digestive system. (CSLO 13; PSLO 2, 3, 5)

• List the structures of the digestive system
• List the accessory structures of the digestive system
• Briefly describe the six basic processes of the digestive system
• Describe the tissue layers of the GI tract
• Describe the peritoneum and its associated structures
• Describe the structure and functions of the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
• Describe the structure and function of the accessory glands
• Describe common homeostatic imbalances
• Recognize common medical terminology

1. Describe and identify the urinary system. (CSLO 14; PSLO 2, 3, 5)

• List, identify, and describe the functions of the urinary system
• List, identify, and describe the structures of the urinary system
• Describe common homeostatic imbalances
• Recognize common medical terminology

1. Describe and identify the reproductive system. (CSLO 15; PSLO 2, 3, 5)

• Describe the gross anatomy of the structures of the male reproductive system and their functions
• Describe the gross anatomy of the structures of the female reproductive system and their functions
• Know the basic or principal signs and symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases