MDA 1030 - Anatomy and Physiology

1. Define Anatomy and Physiology.
2. Name, describe and locate the landmarks of the two main body cavities.
3. Locate and describe the subdivisions, associated landmarks and contents of each subdivision of the two main body cavities.
4. Recognize definitions of the following terms:  vertebrate, bilateral symmetry, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, sagittal, coronal, frontal, viscera, pleura, diaphragm, mediastinum, peritoneum, retroperitoneal, iliac crest, tissue, organ, organ systems’ histology.

UNIT # 1 CELLS AND TISSUES

1. Compare and identify the different physical components of a cell and describe their respective functions.
2. Describe the basis of cellular metabolism and the function cellular metabolism plays in homeostasis.
3. Contrast mitosis and meiosis.
4. Classify the tissues of the human body into four major types.
5. Identify the main characteristics of epithelial tissue and list its primary functions.
6. Identify the six main types of epithelial tissue and match them with their respective locations and/or functions within the body.
7. List the primary characteristics of the three types of muscle tissue.
8. Differentiate between the kinds of responses generated by the following: striated muscle, voluntary muscle, involuntary muscle.
9. List the three primary components that make up connective tissue.
10. Describe the function of nervous tissue.

UNIT #2 THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

1. Compare and identify the different types of body membranes and where they cover.
2. Describe functions performed by membranes.
3. Compare and contrast the different types of connective tissue membranes and the functions they serve.
4. Describe all the accessory organs found in one square inch of skin.
5. Identify the main characteristics of each layer of skin and how they function.
6. Identify the skin’s ability to protect the body against potential hazards including keratin and melanin.
7. List the classification system used to describe the severity of burns based on the number of tissue layers involved and how it relates to the rule of nines.

UNIT #3 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

1. Name the functions of the skeleton.
2. Classify specific bones with the four main categories.
3. Define commonly used anatomic terms regarding bone markings.
4. Define the following terms:  inorganic, organic, epiphysis, diaphysis, periosteum, medullary, cavity, endosteum, yellow marrow, red marrow.
5. Differentiate between compact and cancellous bone in composition and location.
6. Define ossification.
7. Compare the functions of the osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
8. Identify the function vitamins D and A play in bone growth.
9. Compare the tree types of skeletal joints by articulation and function.
10. Describe the two main divisions of the skeleton and their basic constituents.
11. Describe the two main divisions of the skull.
12. Locate and identify the following bones and landmarks on skull: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, foramen magnum, sutures, external auditory meatus, mastoid process, styloid process, zygomatic process and miscellaneous foramina, nasal, lacrimal, maxilla, inferior nasal conchae, mandible, orbit, hard palate, alveolar process, nasal septum, meati, sinuses, hyoid bone.
13. Identify and locate the following parts of a vertebrae body, vertebral foramen, articular processes, spine, disc, intervertebral foramina.
14. List the number of ribs and describe their connection to the sternum.
15. Identify the axial bones of the skeleton.
16. Identify the appendicular bones that make up the skeleton.

UNIT #4 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

1. Identify the basic parts of a muscle fiber.
2. Explain the contraction of voluntary muscle.
3. Define the following terms: fatigue and oxygen debt, tendon origin insertion, synergist, flexor, extensor, abductor, adductor, levator, depressor, rotator, tensor, sphincter.

UNIT #5 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

1. Identify the following:  ganglia, neuron, neuroglia, dendrite, axon, myelin, node of ranvier, meninges, dura mater, pia mater cerebrospinal fluid, and all or none law sympathomimetic, parasympathomimetic tract.
2. Describe the two major divisions of nervous system.
3. Differentiate between afferent and efferent neurons.
4. Describe the transmission of nerve impulses.
5. Identify general anatomy of spinal cord.
6. Locate and identify cerebrum, midbrain, pons, cerebral medulla oblongata.
7. Name two major divisions of autonomic nervous system.
8. Describe effects of epinephrine on body.

UNIT #6 THE SENSES

1. Identify where the general sense organs reside in the body and describe responsibilities of each.
2. Describe the different types of receptors and how they respond to different stimuli.
3. Identify the three things necessary to experience a sensation.
4. Describe layers of the eyeball and identify the specialized functions.
5. Describe the ear and identify the division into anatomical areas.

UNIT #7-8 THE BLOOD AND THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

1. Discuss the following terms:  visceral pericardium’ parietal pericardium, myocardium, endocardium, superior and inferior venae cavae, coronary sinus, sinoatrial node, pacemaker, Purkinje system, systole, and diastole.
2. Trace flood flow through the heart utilizing the following terms:superior and inferior venae cavae, right and left atria, right and left ventricle, pulmonary arteria, pulmonary veins, lungs, tricuspid valve, bicuspid valve, semilunar valves, aorta.
3. Describe the effects on the heart of parasympathetic stimulation.
4. Compare the effects on the heart of sympathetic stimulation versus the parasympathetic effect.
5. Define the vessels through which the blood flows.
6. Describe the general characteristics of each of the following structures:  artery, vein, arteriole, venule, capillary.
7. Explain the role of the arterioles in the control of blood pressure.
8. Describe the two basic functions of the capillaries.
9. Define the following terms:  systolic and diastolic blood pressure, stroke volume, pulse pressure, arteriosclerosis, vasoconstriction, vasodilation, vasomotor center, medulla oblongata, varicose veins.
10. Locate and identify the following arteries on various diagrams: right and left coronary arteries, ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending thoracic aorta, abdominal aorta, brachycephalic artery, right and left common carotid arteries, right and left subclavian arteries, right and left external and internal carotid arteries, right and left vertebral arteries, right and left brachial arteries, right and left radial and ulnar arteries.
11. Identify the components of the “lymphatic system proper” and the accessory structures which contribute to the proper functioning of the lymphatic system.
12. Locate the four major areas of lymph nodes.
13. Describe the contents of lymph, the mechanism by which it flows through the body.
14. List four primary functions of the lymphatic system.
15. Describe the location of the spleen and the mechanism by which it serves to cleanse the blood.
16. Describe the chief function of the tonsils.
17. Locate and state the function of the thymus gland.
18. Identify four general functions of blood.
19. Identify the following terms:  plasma, serum, hematocrit, clot, fibrinogen, anticoagulant, hemoglobin, erythroblast hemopoiesis, anemia, hemodialysis.
20. Describe the basic characteristics and function of erythrocytes.
21. Match four types of anemia with their descriptions.
22. Describe the function of neutrophils in the body’s basic defense mechanism against infection.
23. Identify the following:  leukocyte, phagocytosis, pinocytosis.
24. Describe the basics of the clotting mechanism.
25. Define the following terms:  thrombocyte, platelet, thromboplastin, and prothrombin.
26. Describe the function of coagulation.

UNIT #9 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1. Define the following terms:   external respiration, interal respiration, vasopharynx oropharynx, larynogopharynx, visceral pleura, parietal pleura, inspiration, expiration, hypoxia, apnea, dyspnea orthopnea, tachypnea.
2. Identify the following structures on a diagram:  glottis, epiglottis, respiratory bronchiole, bronchus, trachea, tracheal cartilages and ligaments, alveolar sac and duct, alveolus, thyroid cartilage, hyoid bone, cricoid cartilage.
3. Describe how gases are exchanged in the lungs.

UNIT #10 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

1. Name the organs of the digestive system and describe their locations and functions
2. Describe signs, symptoms, and disease conditions affecting the digestive system.
3. Identify the structures of the small and large intestine on a diagram
4. Identify pathologic conditions of the digestive system.

UNIT #11 URINARY SYSTEM

1. Name essential organs of the urinary system and describe their locations and functions
2. Identify common pathologic conditions affecting the urinary system.
3. Recognize how urinalysis is used and interpreted as a diagnostic test.
4. List and explain laboratory tests, clinical procedures that pertain to the urinary system

UNIT #12 FEMALE/MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

1. Name and locate female and male reproductive organs using a diagram
2. Identify abnormal conditions of the female/male reproductive system.
3. Differentiate among several types of sexually transmitted infections

UNIT #13 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

1. Identify the endocrine glands and their hormones
2. Identify the abnormal conditions resulting from excessive and deficient secretions of the endocrine glands