EMT 2070 - Special Populations II

1. Discuss the potential causes of behavioral emergencies, including organic and functional causes.
2. Describe the assessment process for patients with psychiatric emergencies, including safety guidelines and specific questions to ask. 
3. Discuss risk factors that help indicate whether a patient may become violent. 
4. Discuss the importance of history taking when assessing a patient with a psychiatric emergency
5. Discuss general management of a patient with a psychiatric emergency. 
6. Describe the two basic categories of diagnosis that a physican will use. 
7. Discuss assessment and management of specific psychiatric emergencies. 
8. Describe the care for a psychotic patient. 
9. Explain how to recognize the behavior of a patient at risk of suicide, and discuss the management of such a patient. 
10. Define agitated delirium and describe the care for a patient with agitated delirium. 
11. Discuss medicolegal considerations and their relevance in psychiatric emergencies. 
12. Describe situations where restraint may be justified. 
13. Describe methods used to restrain patients. 
14. Explain the safe management of a potentially violent patient. 
15. Discuss the anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system. 
16. Understand the normal changes that occur in the body during pregnancy. 
17. Discuss the pathophysiology of the obstetric patient, including spontaneous abortion (miscarriage), ectopic pregnancy, hypertension, isoimmunization, gestational diabetes, placenta previa, abruptio placenta, and trauma. 
18. Understand the need to consider two patients-the woman and the unborn fetus-when treating a pregnant trauma patient. 
19. Be aware of special considerations involving pregnancy in different cultures and with teenage patients.
20. Describe commonly used obstetric terminology. 
21. Differentiate between the three stages of labor. 
22. Outline the assessment process for pregnant patients. 
23. Describe the indications of an imminent delivery. 
24. Explain the steps involved in normal delivery management. 
25. Explain the necessary care of the baby as the head appears. 
26. Describe the procedure followed to cut and tie the umbilical cord. 
27. Describe delivery of the placenta. 
28. Describe and know how to deal with postpartum complications. 
29. Discuss assessment and management of specific emergencies, including third-trimester bleeding, postpartum hemorrhage, and pulmonary embolism. 
30. Explain abnormal or complicated delivery emergencies including breech presentations, limb presentations, prolapsed cord, prolapsed uterus, multiple births, premature infants, stillborn babies, unruptured amniotic sac, meconium staining, and nuchal cord.
31. Discuss the initial steps of assessment for neonates, including drying and warming, positioning, suctioning, and stimulation. 
32. Explain how to measure essential parameters including heart rate, color, and respiratory effort. 
33. Discuss Apgar scores, including how and when to obtain them. 
34. Describe venous access considerations in the neonate. 
35. Discuss assessment and management of specific emergencies including apnea or inadequate respiratory effort, bradycardia, cyanosis, and hypovolemia. 
36. Explain some of the challenges inherent in providing emergency care to pediatric patients and why effective communication with both the patient and his or her family members is critical to a successful outcome. 
37. Describe differences in the anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of the pediatric patient as compared with the adult patient and their implications for the health care provider, with a focus on the following body systems: respiratory, circulatory, nervous, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and integumentary. 
38. Describe the steps in the primary assessment for providing emergency care to a pediatric patient, including the elements of the pediatric assessment triangle (PAT), hands-on ABCs, transport decision considerations, and privacy issues. 
39. Discuss the steps in the secondary assessment of a pediatric patient, describing what the AEMT should look for related to different body areas and the method of injury. 
40. Describe the different causes of pediatric respiratory emergencies, the signs and symptoms of increased work of breathing, the difference between respiratory distress and respiratory failure, and the emergency medical care strategies used in the management of each. 
41. List the possible causes of an upper and a lower airway obstruction in a pediatric patient and the steps in the management of foreign body airway obstruction. 
42. Describe asthma, its possible causes, signs and symptoms, and steps in the management of a patient who is experiencing an asthma attack. 
43. Explain how to determine the correct size of an airway adjunct intended for a pediatric patient during an emergency. 
44. List the different oxygen delivery device options that are available for providing oxygen to a pediatric patient, including the indications for the use of each and precautions the AEMT must take to ensure the patient’s safety. 
45. Discuss the most common causes of shock (hypoperfusion) in a pediatric patient, its signs and symptoms, and emergency medical management in the field. 
46. Discuss the use of intravenous therapy in pediatric patients, including intraosseous access and fluid resuscitation. 
47. Discuss the most common causes of altered mental status (AMS) in a pediatric patient, its signs and symptoms, and emergency medical management in the field. 
48. List the common causes of seizures in a pediatric patient, the different types of seizures, and their emergency medical management in the field. 
49. List the common causes of meningitis, patient groups who are at the highest risk for contracting it, its signs and symptoms, special precautions, and emergency medical management in the field.
50. Discuss the types of gastrointestinal disease emergencies that might affect pediatric patients and their emergency medical management. 
51. Discuss poisoning in pediatric patients, including common poison sources, signs and symptoms of poisoning, and its emergency medical management. 
52. Discuss dehydration emergencies in pediatric patients, including how to gauge their severity based on key signs and symptoms, and emergency medical management. 
53. Discuss the common causes of a fever emergency in a pediatric patient and the role of the AEMT regarding patient management. 
54. Discuss the common causes of drowning emergencies in pediatric patients, their signs and symptoms, and emergency medical management. 
55. Discuss the common causes of pediatric trauma emergencies and differentiate between injury patterns in adults, infants, and children. 
56. Discuss the significance of burns in pediatric patients, their most common causes, and general guidelines an AEMT should follow when assessing patients who have sustained burns.
57. Explain the four triage categories used in the JumpSTART system for pediatric patients during disaster management. 
58. Describe child abuse and neglect and its possible indicators, and then describe the medical and legal responsibilities of an AEMT when caring for a pediatric patient who is a possible victim of child abuse. 
59. Discuss sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), including its risk factors, patient assessment, and special management considerations related to the death of an infant patient. 
60. Discuss the responsibilities of the AEMT when communicating with a family or loved ones following the death of a child. 
61. Discuss some positive ways an AEMT may cope with the death of a pediatric patient and why managing posttraumatic stress is important for all health care professionals.
62. Define the term “geriatrics.” 
63. Discuss the economic impact of aging, independent and dependent living, advance directives, and end-of-life care. 
64. Discuss generational considerations when communicating with geriatric patients. 
65. Discuss the normal physiologic changes that occur in various body systems as people age.
66. Explain the leading causes of death among geriatric patients and the pathophysiology of common conditions affecting geriatric patients. 
67. Discuss psychiatric emergencies in the older population. Define “polypharmacy,” and explain the toxicity issues that can result. 
68. Explain the GEMS diamond and its role in the assessment and care of the geriatric patient.
69. Discuss special considerations when performing the patient assessment process on a geriatric patient with a medical condition.
70. Discuss emergency medical care of a geriatric patient including fluid resuscitation.
71. Discuss assessment and management of common conditions and injuries affecting geriatric patients, including respiratory emergencies, cardiovascular emergencies, gastrointestinal emergencies, neurologic emergencies, endocrine emergencies, and toxicologic emergencies.
72. Explain special considerations for a geriatric patient who has experienced trauma, including performing the patient assessment process on a geriatric patient with a traumatic injury.
73. Know the potential implications of a patient taking multiple medications. 
74. Discuss how to respond to nursing or skilled care facilities. 
75. Discuss elder abuse and neglect, and its implications in assessment and management of the patient. 
76. List examples of patients with special needs whom an AEMT may encounter during an emergency. 
77. Discuss the special patient care considerations that may be required when providing emergency medical care to patients with developmental disabilities, including patients with autism, Down syndrome, and prior brain injuries. 
78. Discuss different types of visual impairments and the special patient care considerations that may be required when providing emergency medical care for these patients depending on the level of their disability. 
79. Explain the various types of hearing impairments and the special patient care considerations that may be required when providing emergency medical care for these patients, including tips on effective communication. 
80. List the various types of hearing aids that may be worn by patients and describe troubleshooting strategies that may help to fix a hearing aid that is not working. 
81. Discuss the special patient care considerations that may be required when providing emergency medical care to patients who have cerebral palsy, spina bifida, or paralysis. 
82. Define obesity and discuss the special patient care considerations, including the best way to move a morbidly obese patient, that may be required when providing emergency medical care to bariatric patients. 
83. Discuss the special patient care considerations that may be required when providing emergency medical care to a patient who relies on a form of medical technological assistance, including a tracheostomy tube, mechanical ventilator, apnea monitor, internal cardiac pacemaker, left ventricular assist device, central venous catheter, gastrostomy tube, shunt, colostomy, and ileostomy.
84. Describe the assessment and management process for patients with special needs. 
85. Describe how to interact with patients with special needs, based on the nature of their impairment. 
86. Describe home care, the types of patients it serves, and the services it encompasses. 
87. Discuss hospice and palliative care and how they differ from curative care, and then explain the responsibilities of the AEMT when responding to calls for terminally ill patients who have DNR orders. 
88. Discuss the issues of poverty and homelessness in the United States, its negative effects on a person’s health, and the role of the AEMT as a patient advocate. 
89. Skills Objectives
90. Demonstrate different strategies to communicate effectively with a patient who has a hearing impairment. 
91. Explain how to suction and clean a tracheostomy. 
92. Demonstrate the procedure to assist in a normal cephalic delivery.
93. Demonstrate care procedures of the infant as the head appears. Demonstrate the steps to follow in postdelivery care of the infant. 
94. Demonstrate how to cut and tie the umbilical cord. 
95. Demonstrate how to assist in delivery of the placenta. 
96. Demonstrate the postdelivery care of the mother. 
97. Describe how to assist with a breech delivery in the field. 
98. Describe how to assist with a limb presentation in the field. 
99. List the steps of neonatal resuscitation. 
100. Explain how to perform chest compressions on a neonate.
101. Demonstrate how to position the airway in a pediatric patient.
102. Demonstrate how to palpate the pulse and estimate the capillary refill time in a pediatric patient.
103. Demonstrate how to use a pediatric resuscitation tape measure to size equipment appropriately for a pediatric patient.
104. Demonstrate how to insert an oropharyngeal airway in a pediatric patient.
105. Demonstrate how to insert a nasopharyngeal airway in a pediatric patient.
106. Demonstrate how to administer blow-by oxygen to a pediatric patient.
107. Demonstrate how to apply a nasal cannula to a pediatric patient.
108. Demonstrate how to apply a nonrebreathing mask to a pediatric patient.
109. Demonstrate how to assist ventilation of an infant or child using a bag-mask device.
110. Demonstrate how to perform one-rescuer bag-mask device ventilation on a pediatric patient.
111. Demonstrate how to perform two-rescuer bag-mask device ventilation on a pediatric patient.
112. Demonstrate how to obtain intraosseous access in a pediatric patient.
113. Demonstrate how to immobilize a pediatric patient who has been involved in a trauma emergency.
114. Demonstrate how to immobilize a pediatric patient who has been involved in a trauma emergency in a car seat.
115. Demonstrate how to immobilize a pediatric patient who has been involved in a trauma emergency out of a car seat.